Alain Resnais (
French: [alɛ̃ ʁɛnɛ]; 3 June 1922 – 1 March 2014) was a French film director whose career extended over more than six decades. After training as a film editor in the mid-1940s, he went on to direct a number of short films which included
Night and Fog (1955), an influential documentary about the Nazi concentration camps.
Resnais began making feature films in the late 1950s and consolidated his early reputation with
Hiroshima mon amour (1959),
Last Year at Marienbad (1961), and
Muriel (1963), all of which adopted unconventional narrative techniques to deal with themes of troubled memory and the imagined past. These films were contemporary with, and associated with, the
French New Wave (
nouvelle vague), though Resnais did not regard himself as being fully part of that movement. He had closer links to the "
Left Bank" group of authors and filmmakers who shared a commitment to modernism and an interest in left-wing politics. He also established a regular practice of working on his films in collaboration with writers usually unconnected with the cinema, such as
Marguerite Duras,
Alain Robbe-Grillet and
Jorge Semprún.
In later films, Resnais moved away from the overtly political topics of some previous works and developed his interests in an interaction between cinema and other cultural forms, including theatre, music, and comic books. This led to imaginative adaptations of plays by
Alan Ayckbourn,
Henri Bernstein and
Jean Anouilh, as well as films featuring various kinds of popular song.
His films frequently explored the relationship between consciousness, memory, and the imagination, and he was noted for devising innovative formal structures for his narratives.
Throughout his career, he won many awards from international film festivals and academies.
Resnais was often linked with the group of French filmmakers who made their breakthrough as the New Wave or
nouvelle vague in the late 1950s, but by then he had already established a significant reputation through his ten years of work on documentary short films. He defined his own relationship by saying: "Although I was not fully part of the New Wave because of my age, there was some mutual sympathy and respect between myself and Rivette, Bazin, Demy, Truffaut... So I felt friendly with that team."
He nevertheless acknowledged his debt to the New Wave because it created the conditions of production, and particularly the financial conditions, which allowed him to make a film like
Hiroshima mon amour, his first feature film.
Resnais was more often associated with a "Left Bank" group of writers and filmmakers who included
Agnès Varda,
Chris Marker,
Jean Cayrol,
Marguerite Duras and
Alain Robbe-Grillet (with all of whom he collaborated in the earlier part of his career).
They were distinguished by their interests in documentary, left-wing politics, and the literary experiments of the
nouveau roman.
At the same time, Resnais was also a devotee of popular culture. He owned the largest private collection of comic books in France and in 1962 became the vice president and co-founder of an International Society for Comic Books,
Le Club des bandes dessinées, renamed two years later as
Centre d'Études des Littératures d'Expression Graphique (CELEG).
CELEG members also included Resnais' artistic collaborators Marker and Robbe-Grillet.
The importance of creative collaboration in Resnais's films has been noted by many commentators.
Unlike many of his contemporaries, he always refused to write his own screenplays and attached great importance to the contribution of his chosen writer, whose status in the shared "authorship" of the film he fully acknowledged.
He was also known to treat the completed screenplay with great fidelity, to the extent that some of his screenwriters remarked on how closely the finished film realised their intentions.
Time and memory have regularly been identified as two of the principal themes of Resnais's work, at least in his earlier films.
He however consistently tried to modify this view of his concerns: "I prefer to speak of the imaginary, or of consciousness. What interests me in the mind is that faculty we have to imagine what is going to happen in our heads, or to remember what has happened"
. He also described his films as an attempt, however imperfect, to approach the complexity of thought and its mechanism.
Another view of the evolution of Resnais's career saw him moving progressively away from a realistic treatment of 'big' subjects and overtly political themes towards films that are increasingly personal and playful.
Resnais himself offered an explanation of this shift in terms of challenging what was the norm in film-making at the time: having made his early films when escapist cinema was predominant, he progressively felt the need to move away from exploration of social and political issues as that itself became almost the norm in contemporary cinema. Experimentation with narrative forms and genre conventions instead became a central focus of his films.
A frequent criticism of Resnais's films among English-language commentators has been that they are emotionally cold; that they are all about technique without grasp of character or subject,
that his understanding of beauty is compromised by a lack of sensuousness,
and that his seriousness of intent fails to communicate itself to audiences.
Elsewhere however it is suggested that such views are partly based on a misreading of the films, especially his earlier ones, which has impeded an appreciation of the humour and irony which pervade his work; and other viewers have been able to make the connection between the film's form and its human dimension.
There is general agreement about Resnais's attachment to formalism in his approach to film; he himself regarded it as the starting point of his work, and usually had an idea of a form, or method of construction, in his head even before the plot or the characters took shape.
For him it was also the basis for the communication of feeling: "There cannot be any communication except through form. If there is no form, you cannot create emotion in the spectator."
Another term which appeared in commentaries on Resnais throughout his career was "surrealism", from his documentary portrait of a library in
Toute la mémoire du monde,
through the dreamlike innovations of
Marienbad,
to the latterday playfulness of
Les Herbes folles.
Resnais himself traced a link to his teenage discovery of surrealism in the works of André Breton: "I hope that I always remain faithful to André Breton who refused to suppose that imaginary life was not a part of real life".
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Je t’aime, je t’aime (1968)
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L’Année dernière à Marienbad
Hiroshima mon amour (1959)
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La Guerre est finie
Nuit et brouillard
On connait les chansons
